SAE 52100 Alloy steel
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Bearing steel is often referred to as SAE 52100 Alloy steel. SAE 52100 Alloy steel has a high carbon chromium content. Due to its hardness, and low alloy steel, SAE 52100 Alloy steel is particularly suitable for bearing applications.
The SAE 52100 Alloy steel is a cost-effective solution with an extended working life that can be used continuously at temperatures up to 120°C. One of the major beneficiaries of the SAE 52100 Alloy steel is the airline industry, which uses this alloy to manufacture bearings and other highly stressed components. These AISI / SAE 52100 Rods feature high wear and heat resistance, superior hardness, and rolling fatigue strength. Regarding Rockwell hardness, SAE 52100 Alloy steel has a hardness value of 60 – 67 Rc at room temperature.
Because it combines tensile strength, hardness, and workability, SAE 52100 Alloy steel is useful for mill rolls and vehicle parts. To optimize SAE 52100 Alloy steel’s performance, it is preferably remelted using a vacuum arc technique. While cold and hot working processes can harden AISI 52100 Bright Bars, they can also be annealed and tempered. Heat treatment could strengthen both annealing and tempering SAE 52100 Alloy steel.
Alloy steels contain different varieties set for carbon steels. AISI/SAE designates them. They respond more quickly to mechanical and heat treatments than carbon steels.
AISI/SAE 52100 alloy steel is a high carbon, chromium-containing low alloy steel. The following datasheet gives an overview of AISI/SAE 52100 alloy steel.
In aircraft bearings and other highly stressed parts where good rolling contact fatigue strength is required at temperatures below 400 degrees, 52100 steel is a deep hardening alloy used. Compared to the conventional air-melted SAE 52100 steel material, the 52100 vacuum melt steel offers superior cleanliness and internal soundness.
In addition to being through-hardening bearing steel, 52100 is also suited for rolling contact and other high-fatigue applications. As a result of the steel’s high hardness, high strength, and high cleanliness in the hardened condition, it can withstand high cycles and high-stress fatigue. It is widely used in small and medium-sized bearing components. For instance, it is also used in other machine components requiring high tensile strength and hardness.
52100 Round Bars bearing steel is a special type of steel that has the characteristics of high wear resistance as well as high rolling fatigue strength. Various types of steel, including high-carbon chromium bearing steel, engineering steel, stainless steel, and heat-resistant steel, are used in the manufacture of bearings as well as other structures.
In addition to its use in bearings for rotating machinery, SAE 52100 steel round bars are also used to manufacture anti-friction bearings. Micro Metals supplies AISI 52100 round bars, flat bars, hexagonal bars, and square blocks. AISI 52100 steel round bars are available to you for any length. Its chemical composition includes Si (0.15-0.35), C (0.98 – 1.10), Cr (1.30-1.60), and Mn (0.30-1.45). It is possible to work SAE 52100 steel at temperatures between 205 and 538°C (400 to 1000°F). There is a temperature range between 927 to 1205°C (1700 to 2200°F) at which Aisi 52100 Steel Rods are forged.
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Equivalent grades :
Country |
USA |
German |
Japan |
British |
Standard |
ASTM A295 |
DIN 17230 |
JIS G4805 |
BS 970 |
Grades |
52100 |
100Cr6/1.3505 |
SUJ2 |
535A99/EN31 |
Chemical Compatibility Of SAE 52100 Alloy steel
Grade |
Si |
S |
P |
Mn |
Cr |
C |
Ni |
Mo |
SAE – 52100 |
.20 – .35 |
.025 |
.025 |
.25 – .40 |
1.30 – 1.60 |
.95 1.10 |
– |
– |
Mechanical Properties SAE 52100 Alloy steel
Properties |
Metric |
Imperial |
Bulk modulus (typical for steel) |
140 GPa |
20300 ksi |
Shear modulus (typical for steel) |
80 GPa |
11600 ksi |
Elastic modulus |
190-210 GPa |
27557-30458 ksi |
Poisson’s ratio |
0.27-0.30 |
0.27-0.30 |
Hardness, Brinell |
– |
– |
Hardness, Knoop (converted from Rockwell C hardness) |
875 |
875 |
Hardness, Rockwell C (quenched in oil from 150°C tempered) |
62 |
62 |
Hardness, Rockwell C (quenched in water from 150°C tempered) |
64 |
64 |
Hardness, Rockwell C (quenched in oil) |
64 |
64 |
Hardness, Rockwell C (quenched in water) |
66 |
66 |
Hardness, Vickers (converted from Rockwell C hardness) |
848 |
848 |
Machinability (spheroidized annealed and cold drawn. Based on 100 machinabilities for AISI 1212 steel) |
40 |
40 |
Although bulk modulus is a material property usually reserved for liquids, it is often used regarding steel as it describes the resistance of steel to compression or the reduction in volume when uniformly compressed. It is particularly important to 52100 steel, as it is typically used in bearings subjected to this type of constant compressive load or force. This is why this value is especially important. The bulk modulus of 52100 steel is 160 GPa, which is about twice as strong as most aluminum alloys.
A material’s shear modulus represents the material’s response to stress, in this case, shearing stress, which is another form of stress. Essentially, shear stress occurs when two forces oppose each other along the plane of a material, similar to how scissors cut paper or a saw cuts a cylindrical bar. As a result, it is essential for metal to understand this value if it is to be cut from stock, twisted/formed radially, and then sheared off or fractured as a result. This steel has a high shear modulus of 80GPa, which is typical for steel, and easily cuts it from flat rolls and wires.
Fracture toughness is the stress at which cracks propagate through a material without being hindered by other effects. We must understand how a material can fail in brittle fracture, as fracture toughness indicates a material’s ability to resist fracture. As the name implies, a material with a high fracture toughness usually fails during ductile fracture, whereas a material with a low fracture toughness will generally shatter. Due to its fracture toughness (15.4-18.7 MPa-m12), 52100 steel is prone to a more ductile fracture scenario due to its fracture toughness, making it a very good steel for this application.
Finally, the machinability of a material is a qualitative, comparative measure of how well it reacts to machining procedures. It is often provided as a percentage, where the reference steel is set at 100%, and the other steels are given a percentage about this reference steel. In Table 1, you can see the machinability rating is based on the AISI 1212 steel, a steel that is given a score of 100 percent on the machinability scale. It is more difficult to machine steel that has a percentage lower than 100% (such as 52100 steel) than steel with a percentage higher than 100%. Even though 52100 is a hard alloy, it is readily machineable; on the contrary, it is easily machined, but its hardness simply wears out dies and mill bits faster than any other steel.
Physical Properties Of SAE 52100 Alloy steel
There is a difference in the naming structure between 52100 steel and the other three- or four-digit steels, and this is because of a difference in the SAE naming index and the AISI naming index. In this steel, the first digits (5) indicate that it is primarily alloyed with chromium, while the second (2) indicates an alloying percentage greater than 1%. It is important to understand, however, that the second digit does not indicate exactly how much chromium the steel contains; rather, it has a higher alloyed percentage than other steels of similar composition. The last three digits show the average percentage of carbon used in the steel; therefore, for 52100 steel, there is, on average, 1.00 % carbon in its blend. This list shows the precise chemical composition of 52100 steel with tolerances as follows:
Component elements of 52100 steel
-
0.98- 1.1% Carbon
-
1.3-1.6% Chromium
-
0.25-0.45% Manganese
-
<= 0.025% Phosphorus
-
0.15-0.3% Silicon
-
<= 0.025% Sulfur
A high carbon chromium alloy steel, 52100 steel is characterized by its density of 7.81 grams per square centimeter (0.282 pounds per square inch). Cold and hot working processes can be used to harden it, annealing and tempering are also used to strengthen it, and heat treatment can be used to strengthen it. From its annealed state, it can remarkably be forged, formed, and machined. Due to its strength, hardness, and workability, 52100 steel is particularly useful for bearings, mill rolls, and vehicle parts, even though it is not generally used for welding. In addition to bar stock, 52100 can be found in tube, wire, flat-rolled, and forging forms, the most common forms of 52100 stock.
Thermal Properties Of SAE 52100 Alloy steel
Properties | Metric | Imperial |
Thermal expansion coefficient (@ 23-280°C/73.4- 36°F, annealed) | 11.9 µm/m°C | 6.61 µin/in°F |
Thermal conductivity (typical steel) | 46.6 W/mK | 323 BTU in/hr.ft².°F |
Electrical Properties of SAE 52100 Alloy steel
Electrical Properties | Metric | English | Comments |
Electrical Resistivity | 0.0000219 ohm-cm | 0.0000219 ohm-cm | Typical 5000 series steel |
SAE 52100 Alloy steel hardness
- Hot rolled, annealed coils: ≤92 HRB
- Hot rolled annealed bars and tubes: ≤207 HBW
- Annealed, cold-drawn coils: ≤92 HRB
- Annealed, cold-drawn coils, bars, and tubes: ≤248 HBW
- Annealed, cold rocked tubes: ≤331 HBW
Heat Treatment
Soft Annealing °C | 780-800 |
Cooling | Furnace |
Hardness HB | max. 207 |
Stress-relief Annealing °C | 600-650 |
1st Pre-Heating °C | up to approx. 400 in an air-circulating furnace |
2nd and 3rd | 800 and 900 |
Hardening °C | 800-820 |
Quenching | 810°C Oil, Quench |
Tempering °C | at least twice 150-200 |
Hardness after Temperature HRC | 61-63 |
Typical Heat Treatment
Annealing
The annealing temperature, furnace cooling, is 730-790 ℃ (1350-1450 ℉).
Austenitizing
Austenitizing temperature is 855 ℃ (1575 ℉)
Martensitic
The martensitic hardening cycle for 52100 bearing steel is as follows:
- Austenitizing is carried out at 815-855 °C for 15-40 minutes, and the time required for each.
- The temperature of quenching: 150 °C agitated oil (martensite hardening); 230 °C molten salt (bainite hardening).
- The temperature of tempering 150-230°C for 2-4 hours (Rockwell hardness 58-64 HRC)
After heat treatment, as-quenched Rockwell hardness is typically 64-67 HRC.
Martempering
Martempering temperature: 190 ℃ (375 ℉), Agent: Oil.
Machinability
The machining of AISI 52100 alloy steel can be carried out using conventional techniques. To improve the machinability of this steel, the periodizing annealing process at 649°C (1200°F) should be performed before machining.
Forming
All conventional forming techniques, such as cold forging or stamping and hot and cold upset forming, can shape AISI 52100 alloy steel.
Hardening
There are several ways alloy steel can be hardened, such as cold working or heating and quenching. It can be carburized at 913°C (1675°F) followed by quenching. It can also be heated at 788°C (1450°F), followed by quenching again.
Stress Relieving
A stress-relieving operation to reduce distortion during the heat treatment is achieved by heating the metal surface to 650oC, holding it at that temperature for one hour, and then cooling it with air. This is done to remove machining stresses.
CONDITIONS OF SAE 52100 Alloy steel
H&T | Hardened and tempered. |
ANN | Annealed |
PH | Precipitation hardened. |
Surface finish of SAE 52100 Alloy steel
CG | Centreless ground | HF | Hot finished |
CF | Cold finished | HRAP | Hot rolled, annealed, and pickled |
CD | Cold drawn | P | Polished |
BD | Bright drawn | SRE | Slit rolled edge |
P&T | Peeled and turned | RT | Rough-turned/peeled |
ST | Smooth turned | PR | Peeled and reeled |
Sae 52100 Alloy Steel Sizes
Type | SIZES (mm) | SIZES (Inches) | ISO Tolerance |
Cold Drawn and Ground | 10.00 – 75.00 | 5/6″ – 2.50″ | h8-h9-h10-h11 |
Peeled and Polished | 40.00 – 150.00 | 1.50″ – 6.00″ | h11, h11-DIN 1013 |
Peeled and Ground | 20.00 – 50.00 | 3/4″ – 2.00″ | h9-h10-h11 |
Cold Drawn and Polish | 3.00 – 75.00 | 1/8″ – 3.00″ | h8-h9-h10-h11 |
AISI/SAE 52100 Bars Standard lengths of 2000 mm up to 6000 mm. Cut to size on request (tolerance +2/-0 mm).
5.0 | 45.0 |
6.0 | 50.0 |
7.0 | 55.0 |
8.0 | 60.0 |
9.0 | 65.0 |
10.0 | 70.0 |
12.0 | 75.0 |
16.0 | 80.0 |
20.0 | 90.0 |
25.0 | 100.0 |
30.0 | 130.0 |
35.0 | 160.0 |
40.0 | 200.0 |
Steel Properties
- Standard high-speed steel grade
- Contains well-balanced alloy composition
- High toughness
- Great cutting-edge retention
- Superior hardness, 60-67 on Rockwell hardness scale (Rc) at room temperature
- High carbon chrome alloy steel
- Operates continually at temperatures up to 120°C
- Used to produce precision ball bearings and roller bearings
- Cost-effective
- Long working life
SAE 52100 Alloy steel Advantages
- High carbon chrome alloy steel
- Superior hardness, 60-67 on Rockwell hardness scale (Rc) at room temperature
- Used to produce precision ball bearings and roller bearings
- Cost-effective
- Operates continually at temperatures up to 120°C
- Long working life
Application Industry of SAE 52100 Alloy steel
In addition to its use in steel bearings, 52100 steel is commonly used in manufacturing equipment and bearings. As a result of its toughness and hardness, 52100 steel is commonly used in blades and cutlery. However, heat-treating it is trickier than other common blade steels. Below is a list of common applications of 52100 steel.
-
- Anti-friction bearings
- Mill rolls
- Punches, taps, dies
- Automotive and aircraft parts
- Fasteners
- Sugar Industry.
- Power Industry.
- Shipbuilding Industry.
- Mechanical and Plant engineering